Journalism Debate Paper Topic: Face book Essay

Multicultural Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multicultural Society - Essay Example In the first place, I would characterize a multicultural society as a general public with the conjunction of various societies, attempting to defeat prejudice, sexism, and different types of social segregation. Simultaneously, in the genuine equitable multicultural society various societies ought not live independently, they ought to convey in the territory of a culture meeting. The job of correspondence in a multicultural society is incredibly high, since individuals from various social orders have the main opportunity to see each other through open exchange. Correspondence is significant for dealings in such regions as business, training, medication and others where unequivocal guidelines ought to be satisfied not relying upon social having a place of person. From my experience, most issues in a multicultural society emerge because of absence of correspondence. For instance, both neighborhood occupants and migrants go over challenges in the development of a multicultural society. The best clashes emerge especially in urban areas, since urban communities are the place living together between assorted social gatherings for the most part happens when various networks go after material government assistance. Thinking about every one of these focuses, I would state that the world makes incredible progress in working of a multicultural society, particularly in created nations.

What is Austerity

What is Austerity The 2008 financial crisis shook the world’s financial institutions. The world economy did not just weaken at its knees â€" It collapsed entirely.The Great Recession was a period when countries around the world witnessed the worst GDP’s, unemployment rates and financial conditions since the aftermath of the second world war.In such a time, many governments took up austerity as the only way to support their economies in free fall.Now, another recession looms because of the ongoing trade war between the US and China, the globally spread wealth inequality, and a middle class crushed under the cost of just surviving.In such times, it is important to take a look back at the recession of 2008 and see whether Austerity was the right way to go.Did it improve the financial situation of countries that embraced it?Lets dive into the nitty-gritty details of austerity measures and see for ourselves if they work as well as they are advertised to be.WHAT IS AUSTERITY?If you were to check the Mer riam-Webster dictionary for the definition of the word “austerity”, you would find the following: “enforced or extreme economy”.Sounds terrifying?It is.As foreboding as it is, I admit that it would be entirely unfair to use a dictionary definition to define a socio-economic policy. So let’s try this again.What is austerity?Austerity refers to the measures taken by a country when it experiences difficult economic conditions. It’s when a government tries to reduce its budget deficit by using a combination of spending cuts and taxes.In simpler words, when the government is spending more than its making, it enters what is known as a ‘debt crisis, which means that it can no longer pay its debt.This can imply the complete economic ruin of a country which is why governments try to find a quick fix and run towards austerity measures.And what are austere measures? It’s when a government takes its scissors out and tries to balance the economic scale by cutting everything.Pensi ons? Educational reforms? Jobs? Payroll?Cut. Cut. Cut.Anything that is perceived as “surplus” by the government is kissed goodbye and higher taxes are welcomed in with flowers.Austerity is justified on the fact that it makes logical sense. What do you do when you don’t have money? You stop spending money on what you don’t deem important anymore.That’s exactly how governments implement austerity.To come out from their debt, they suspend ‘unnecessary’ projects and policies that utilize national funds and try to earn more through means of higher taxes. The economy goes through an oscillation, which is referred to as an ‘economic cycle.Without delving too much into the jargon, the cycle consists of two primary periods- growth and recession.Depending on factors such as interest rates, consumer spending, and GDP, the economic cycle decides which stage it is currently at.In times of austerity, these factors are all ignored, and the government shifts its primary focus on try ing to the structural deficit.It ignores the natural graph of things and imposes on to the economy, a forced projection, through means of higher taxes and greater cuts, at the expense of higher unemployment rates and lower quality of living.On paper, austerity seems only logical. However, austerity can veil many sinister aspects of the economy and often ends up punishing the public for the crimes and greed of a few individuals and entities.That is why the UK, a country who adopted austere measures after the great recession, has always had to deal with a strong push back against the austerity drive.Austerity measures are often associated with higher unemployment and lower economic growth. Workers in the public sector are laid off in huge numbers, projects in the public sector are abandoned, and tax cuts are given to the private sector to help them rebound.In the wake of these policies, poverty rates can soar.Homelessness, unemployment and a general drop in quality of life are evident .A clear example of this has been the outcome of the UKs 10 years in   austerity.By the end of 2018, despite being the 5th largest economy in the world, 14 million people were living in poverty in the UK.There are two sides to this coin.However, to understand both sides and make a stand in favor of either one, we must first look back at the austerity drives in recent history and understand their effects on the economy, the people and the government.IMPACT OF AUSTERITY POLITICS ON SOCIETY AND ECONOMYOver the last decade, the austerity measures taken by the UK and other European government have left an impact on the fabric of society.The budgets for policing, housing and welfare have been categorically slashed while the government tries to reduce the fiscal deficit.However, this relentless drive to cut down costs has left an impact on the social and economic health of the middle and lower class citizens of the countries.According to the November report by Philip Alston, the United Nat ions special rapporteur for extreme poverty and human rights, the British government’s policies of austerity are directly linked to a rise in poverty in the United Kingdom.Alston said that the government’s efforts to reduce spending were “entrenching high levels of poverty and inflicting unnecessary misery in one of the richest countries in the world.Since 2010, the Conservative government has announced more than 30 billion pounds, or nearly $40 billion, in cuts to welfare payments, housing subsidies, and social services, and the British leadership is in a state of denial about the devastation its policies have wrought, the United Nations said.The use of foodbanks almost doubled between 2013 and 2017. Around 800,000 children were lifted out of poverty because of the efforts of both conservative and Labour parties between 1998 and 2012.However, after the Parliament passed the Welfare Reform Act in 2012, about 600,000 children have fallen below the poverty line again.During the same period, Trussel Trust, the country’s largest network of food banks, reported a three-fold increase in the number of children receiving their help.This misery is not limited to those who are jobless. Two-thirds of the children in poverty have at least one parent who works, according to the Institute for Fiscal Studies. Crimes rates have surged to their 10 years high in England and Wales.Police leaders blame cutbacks to the police forces that have seen a reduction of 20,000 officers in the police force.However, analysts believe that the rise in crime is a direct effect of austerity cuts to social services and youth programs.The austerity cuts to the police force have also forced them to take on the responsibility for several social pathologies that would otherwise fall on the shoulders of agencies; that have been eliminated or had their budgets cut because of austerity.That has put even more pressure on the already stretched out police force.The Trussel Charity also found that the use of food banks had increased in the areas where the new ‘Universal Credit System had been introduced as compared to the areas where it had not been implemented yet.The Universal Credit System was meant to simplify the claims process and merged six separate benefits into just one.The universal credit system’s implementation has been a source of controversy itself. It forced families reliant on these benefits into waiting for five weeks before the first payment arrived, pushing many into debt.Furthermore, the system was supposed to be fully implemented two years ago. However, the deadline has been extended until 2023 now.A SHORT HISTORY OF AUSTERITYTo experience a complete timeline of Austerity and to trace the word from its origins back in 348 BC to its current implementation in 2019, it would be a rather long and comprehensive journey.While the insightful author Mark Blythe does a fantastic job of doing so in his recent book named “Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea”, this article will take you on a much shorter journey.Admittedly, well be missing a few destinations in our little field trip but at least well be back home for lunch. So, buckle up kids and dont use flash.We dont want to disturb our historic skeletons.BirthLets start at the very beginning. While Austerity can be regarded as a relatively modern 20th-century socio-economic policy, its origins can be traced back to Aristotle.The historian Florian Shui argued that it was in 348 BC that Aristotle managed to birth the concept of Austerity as an idealistic conception, even if he did not explicitly coin the term.Aristotle was a man who belonged to great wealth, yet he argued against the ills of excess and on multiple occasions, advocated for “abstinence”.He believed that if one wanted to lead a good life, they would have to abandon the pursuit of greater wealth.The art of economic stability, according to the famous philosopher, lay within the art of managing finances within mea ns, to achieve an economic equilibrium.Now while this may seem a little daunting at first glance, a closer look at this ideology, allows us to see the concept of Austerity, taking its first breath.While wrapped in extensive jargon, what Aristotle says is fairly simple: to be financially stable, don’t spend what you don’t have. A baseline for austerity measures.AdolescenceAs Austerity measures have been justified on the onus of being logical, austerity has often been justified in this capacity by using the arguments of early liberal economic thinkers to provide the controversial economic policy with the credibility of being based in historic worldly rationale.While an ocean of historic information exists, let’s only visit a couple of our most influential austerity drivers, for as beautiful as the ocean is, we lack the time to drown in its knowledge.John Locke, famously known as the “Father of Liberalism”, has been credited for laying the conceptual foundations of Austerity, in his theory of private property.Without delving too deep in the extensive jargon that is used by Locke, the arguments that he lays in favor of Austerity are fairly simple.Locke argues that the citizens of a country have a moral weight to support and trust their government and to pay taxes.David Hume, in his arguments about the virtue of merchants, further emphasizes this point, providing legitimacy to market economics and emphasizing the disastrous role of debt that exists within a nation.So, let’s break this down: These classical philosophers believed that the sole role of the government was in limiting debt and providing nation defense- at any other social cost, thereby holstering the way for the concept of austerity to take a stronghold in future world economics.Early LifeIn the 19th century, the views of opposing debt were further cemented into what formed “classical economics”, a theoretical bible to the doctrine of austerity.It was argued here that while employment wa s the most favorable face a dice should lie on, in times of economic difficulty, emphasis must be laid on removing debt, even if that comes riding on the back of social welfare.The next couple hundred years formed further developments in the theoretical discussions of the doctrine of Austerity.By the 20th century, Austerity had been codified as a doctrine of neoliberalism, a tool that had already been used by a large number of countries, throughout the world, even before it wore a permanent nametag on its collar.The Great DepressionWhile the works of famous personalities are important to appreciate the value of Austerity, lets take a look at one of the most drastic implementations of Austerity.During the early 1900s, the great depression first reared the head of Austerity in its entirety. During this interwar period, countries such as Germany, France, Japan, and Britain all struggled to stay afloat economically, as the world suffered from the worst economic downturn since the age of the industrial revolution.With empty banks, a stock market crash, the only tool that these countries could see to use was that of Austerity.Desperate to revitalize the world economy, these countries began drastic austere measures, cutting down on everything to eradicate their debt.Warren G, of the United States, said, We are going to cut the garment to fit the cloth. And cut, they did. Pensions? Cut. Jobs? Cut. Social Services? Cut. Education? Cut. Cut everything.In Germany, the Social democrats allowed the hike of unemployment to soar to 30%, which also eventually paved the way for fascist ideologies to erupt within the nation. Britain witnessed a rise in joblessness from 10.4% to 22.1% during the short span of 1929-1932.In Japan, household incomes were reduced to half their original values. These measures caused havoc within the people of the world- arguably leading to the war times that came next. Source:  shmoop.com Source: darden.virginia.eduThe Great RecessionThe last stop on our tour is the Great Recession, a demon from our recent past. Austerity is thus not a historic relic, but an active one.In the times of the Great Recession in the early 2000s, the world saw the next biggest financial crisis after the great depression.A devastating financial drop that led to the drowning of the banking, real estate, and financial markets.Many European countries adopted austerity measures and reduced their debt.Similar to before, these countries decided to implement shrinking their expenditure to come out of their financial slump.With countries such as Greece reducing its budget deficit from 10.4% of GDP to 9.6 % in one year.The Eurozone countries were able to drastically reduce their debt; however, the rates of unemployment grew in inverse. In countries like Spain, Greece, and the UK, unemployment reached record levels by March of 2013, going up to 12.1%. Source: Eurostat Source: researchgate.netAUSTERITY AND WELFARE STATESTo understand the connection between welfare states and austere ones is nothing short of drawing a comparison between the comic book superhero and villain.Yes, it is unfair to reduce politics to this simplicity, but it is also difficult to deny how welfare states and austere states have the relationship of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.Welfare states, the Dr. Jekyll of our scenario, are defined as nations who adopt a form of government that is an economy ensuring the social and economic progress of its citizens, based on the ideology of equal distribution of wealth and equal opportunity.It is a system that promises to take care of its citizens from the cradle to the grave, promising a decent quality of life. Countries such as Germany and the UK advertise themselves as proponents of the concept of being social welfare nations.However, after the wake of the 21st-century great recession, the austerity measures deployed by these social welfar e countries have proved to be a direct assault on the principles that these countries theoretically exist on, posing as Dr. Jekyll but acting as Mr. Hyde instead.Social EnvironmentsDr. Jekyll: Social welfare promises healthy living environments for its citizens.Mr. Hyde: Austerity in comparison, poses a direct threat to these stances by reducing expenditure, reducing tax revenue sources and increasing unemployment. All of which weaken the utopic socio-economic paradigm that is promised by social welfare. Lower Income Societal SegmentsDr. Jekyll:   A social welfare state promises the people with lower incomes an economic environment where their rights are protected, and their wellbeing is entrusted within the concepts of equal opportunity.Mr. Hyde:   Austerity, on the other hand, robs these groups of these benefits and rather takes advantage of these segments of society. Austerity measures focus on limiting expenditures in the social realms that have an impact on the poor, for they c onsider them to be leeches and undeserving of any social power, simply because they lack political power.Instead, these groups are targeted for their existence and the inhumane treatments are justified on the stance that people are responsible for their own social and economic health- a gift that cannot be endowed by the government.While many can engage in an ethical and moralistic debate regarding this viewpoint, the fact of the matter is that were not viewing these changes from a solely theoretical point of view. Countries, in the past 20 years have adopted measures of austerity, and the people have suffered.Case StudyAn avid case study of this argument is the plethora of countries in the European continent. A notable shift has been viewed from redistributing wealth to imposing austerity budget cuts.These have been used by countries such as Greece, Italy, Spain, and the UK.To ensure stability within financial arenas of the world, these countries have sacrificed the quality of life of the people who reside within their nations, robbing them off of basic health care, state benefits, education, public services and even the provision of jobs. Source: bbc.comAfter World War 2, Britain responded to the financial crisis it had incurred by forming a structure that resembled that of a welfare state.After the financial crisis of 2008, however, Britain took a complete 180 and fashioned its society into a replica of an austerity-driven economy.Currently, reports show that by 2020, Britain will make cuts to their social welfare programs by a massive 36 billion dollars a year.This translates as the loss of 1200 US dollars per working person, per year.Measures of austerity in the UK have deprived millions of health care, spending on police forces had dropped by 17 percent, spending on infrastructure has dropped to a 1/4th of its original value. Source: ft.comThe rift between austerity and social welfare is a draconian one.As Barry Kushner said “Austerity has nothing to do with economics.It’s only about getting people out from welfare protection and abandoning the plight of vulnerable people”THE MOST COMMON MEASURES OF AN AUSTERE STATETo understand the implementation of austerity, it is important to revisit the purpose of austerity itself.Austerity is a political-economic term that is used to cut down on budget deficits incurred by a country using tax reforms and spending cuts.It is a tool that is deployed by nations that are overwhelmed by debt so that the bridge between revenue and spending is met. Two basic routes allow the practical implementation of austerity are taxes and growth reforms.TaxesTaxes are raised to fund national finances and raise revenues. It is based on what is referred to as the Angela Merkel model which illustrates the need for raising taxes while reducing government expenditures that are conside red less essential.An example of this is the reform in Greece that raised increased value-added taxes to 23% in 2010, introduced new taxes on private property and promoted a 10% tariff on imported goods.Austerity tax measures target the wealthier segments of society and raise taxes on value-added goods. Furthermore, privately owned businesses are also taxed to reap benefits for the state. Source: forum.effectivealtruism.orgGrowthTo promote growth, there is an emphasis that is laid down on cutting spending.This is implemented differently in different nations adopting austerity measures; however, the backbone ideology remains the same, working on a social level.These are done by lowering minimum wage, reducing government employment, increasing working hours and removing any due protections that are granted against wrongful terminations.Furthermore, government programs that support the public such as pensions, health care, and other socio-economic benefits are all halted by the governments to reduce spending.Restrictions are placed on traveling and critical commodities are rationed. Interest promoting government securities are also slashed to reduce interest obligations that the government has to meet.Government-owned businesses are also privatized, so that the nation may raise revenue to fight off the threat of debt.Furthermore, health care benefits are revoked by the c ountry. There is also cutback in other social segments of society such a defense, education, infrastructure, social services, and foreign aid.In countries where these measures have been implemented, the steps taken have been drastic.After the Eurozone crisis in 2011, Greece implemented extensive austerity policies in the domestic market.All non-essential government projects were canceled, government employment was reduced by 150,000, public wages were lowered by a whopping 17 percent, pension benefits were cut by 40 percent, property taxes were raised to 2-16 euros per square meter and all subsidies were canceled. Nearly 35 billion Euro worth of government assets were privatized.However, the stimulus for such drastic measures provides a weak impetus for these to be carried out. The sacrifice that is made for a better national fiscal budget comes from the working class and the citizens of the nation, who are bled dry by the economic strains that are placed on them. Austerity measures have been regarded as “punitive, mean-spirited and often callous” by the United Nations and rightfully so.Not only do these measures produce worse results in the shifting of economic recession but they force the people of the country to live in poverty, deprived of basic essential and living commodities. In the UK, it is estimated that child poverty can rise by a rate of 40% until 2022. Austerity is a wrecking machine weakening the fabric of the society that it feeds off.MYTH BUSTERS: AUSTERITYAs New York Times columnist Paul Krugman wrote, much of what people believe in rests on prejudices, not analysis.This is a powerful insight into the current dynamics of the politics of austerity.As the majority of the worlds population wrestles with economic depression, there has become a norm to adopt fiscal austerity as the solution.However, even a child would notice the logical fallacy in this approach.Essentially, all these massive economies have put their head together and said in a tribute to Homer Simpson, Hey, we hate being poor so lets immediately get even poorer. Fight poverty with more poverty.However, the truth is never so simple. Let’s try and walk through a few of the arguments that proponents of austerity present and consider their value.Argument 1: Cutbacks in social programs can put the band-aid on deficit problemsThe biggest argument that favors austerity is that deep cutbacks in social programs can help fix deficit problems and provide a boost to the economy. However, in reality, this ideological approach is far from pragmatic.Since 2010, various governments have adopted this idea to stabilize bond markets, to repay bond obligations and halt economic degeneration to calm the markets.The US and countries in Europe have all jumped on the bandwagon, bleeding slogans of the dire need to cut public expenditure. Even the IMF has propagated for this approach and has continued to advise countries to slash budgets in poor economic weathers.However, in re ality, these implementations have worsened the conditions of the country that they promised to improve. Countries such as the UK, Portugal, and Greece have cut their budgets to holster the bond markets.However, what has happened in actuality is that these countries have observed higher interest rates on their bonds instead.With higher unemployment, shrunken national economies, slower revenue, growth prospects have further fallen.Greece has seen a harder return at revitalizing its economy, with its GDP ratio rising from 130 percent in 2009 to 160% in 2011, after two years of implementing austerity measures. Greece GDP. Source: tradingeconomics.comAccording to the IMF, cutting budges has shown to historically worsen recession and increase economic deficits.These measures have been shown such poor results that the worsening conditions in the eurozone have motivated countries such as India and China to steer away from fiscal austerity, allowing them to move to economies which offer higher national spending, lower interest rates and promoting the private sector.Argument 2: Nations don’t grow out of debt.The argument is conducted in the following fashion:Austerity proponents: “Why should the government be spending money that it does not have? You must stay within your budget.”Austerity opponents: “Public deficit spending is not like the financial structure of an industry or a household”.To draw a parallel between industrial expenditure and that of a sovereign nation is entirely futile as it makes the point of monetary policies completely futile.Governments do not pay back creditors by breaking up spending and balancing losses by selling their assets.They do so by creating finances from central banks and using this money to purchase bonds to stabilize deficits by paying interests.The philosophy of deficit financing has been undertaken by Japan and has yielded sustainable and positive results.It is, therefore, naïve to reduce governments to the financial budgeting of a middle-class family household.CONCLUSION Source: twitter.com  Austerity has been advertised as a messiah to the economic recession. A savior of the countries caught in the whirlpool of debt and poverty.It has been defended on the principles of being a logical solution to the issues of budget deficits, based off of the simple logic served to a child, if you spend less, youll save more.However, evidence to implemented austerity measures has been nothing less of a tribute to an Orwellian society- terrifying, stifling, inhumane. And the effects of austerity have failed to produce substantial positive economic results, evidence has pointed to a worsening of economic conditions and GDP deficits.The realism of austerity is simple: it lies on the utopic understanding of economies and does brutal injustice to the people living in austere environments.The past two centuries have provided substantial evidence for the failure of this ideology with countries such as Greece, living so close to the poverty line that recovery seems distant , if not impossible. Austerity does not reduce debt; it makes it bigger. It does not save nations from poverty; it paves the way for social and economic demise.As Mark Blyth states in his book, “Austerity doesn’t work. Period”.

The Difference Between Choice and Addiction - 1996 Words

The Difference between Choice and Addiction By: Michael Chorba Jr. COM 220 June 30, 2010 Nicole Mclnnes Doctors believe that addiction or alcoholism isn’t a choice but believe that it is a disease. The definition of disease is â€Å"A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown† (MDO, 2010). Addiction and alcoholism is more of a disease than a choice. This is because a disease makes people sick and withdrawal will give you symptoms like runny nose, cold sweats, troubles sleeping and nausea just like the flu. Also the human brain can be chemically changed which could cause unstable†¦show more content†¦When a child is in an environment, in which drug abuse or alcoholism takes place he or she has an increased risk of becoming an alcoholic or substance abuser himself or herself. In this type of environment the child may also be forced to use the substances by the addicted abusing parents. The parents who use drugs and alcohol to cope with their lives will teach their children to cope with their lives the same way. This may cause the child to be taken out of a home and put into a foster care, or may be an institution. â€Å"Statistics show that 43 percent of adult Americans have been exposed to alcoholism and drug addiction in their families† (NCA, 2009). However, drug addiction and alcoholism causes physical illnesses but it, also causes mental illnesses. When a child is introduced to this disease in the past it, can cause a psychiatric disorder. When a child is in an environment with a substance abuser he or she will play a certain role in the family who will later affect the child’s mentality. For instance the child can play the role of a scapegoat who takes the blame, the hero who saves the day, the mascot that entertains, the chief enabler, the little parent or the lost child fades away in a family (AWA, 2009). These certain roles that they play as a child can cause a variety o f mental disorders and change of behaviors. If a â€Å"lost child† feels unhappy because he or she gets no attention from the family this can lead toShow MoreRelatedAddiction : An Emergent Consequence Of Elementary Choice Principles Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesInformation Heyman, Gene M. 2013 Addiction: An Emergent Consequence of Elementary Choice Principles.Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 56 (5):428-445. Abstract The measurement of the research concerning addiction is regarded as a brain disease by researchers, physician, and informed societies; however, the extreme use of narcotics is projected as an individual’s choice. 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Drug Guidelines And Amendments Over The Past 15 Years

Retroactivity of Drug Guidelines and Amendments over the past 15 years It is widely recognized by an array of participants in the criminal justice system that there is an incredible amount of people in federal prison today. A significant reason for this is that too many nonviolent drug offenders have been sentenced to prison terms that are greater than necessary. The impact of the current amendments, slowly but surely, supports retroactive application throughout the incarceration system. Retroactive application is a matter of simple justice: It is unfair for thousands of prisoners to continue serving disproportionately severe punishments. So in light of this fact the United States Sentencing Commission, â€Å"an independent agency in the judicial branch of the federal government, was organized in 1985 to develop a national sentencing policy for the federal courts. The resulting sentencing guidelines provide structure for the courts’ sentencing discretion to help ensure that similar offenders who commit similar offenses receive similar sentences. † (USSC 2016) The Commission estimates that the average extent of reduction in sentence for those eligible for the retroactive application would be 18.4 percent (USSC 2016) amongst the entire criminal justice system. Some would argue that retroactive application that makes changes to the base offense level would be difficult to apply. But according to the USSC â€Å"The change to each and every affected case will be not easy, but simple.†Show MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Gun Violence1249 Words   |  5 Pagesforbid illegal activity, crime has lessened nationwide. Several categories of crime such as guns, drugs, and organized crimes spark major concern. Crime has existed since human conscience was active. Gun violence is the illegal use of a firearm. 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The Hippies A Rebellion against the Vietnam War Free Essays

The Origin and Label By the mid-sixties, the beats, follies, surfers, and psychedelics reached their peaks. This, together with the baby-boomers’ coming-of-age, set the perfect basis for the hippie counterculture to start. The Beats contributed a detachment of mainstream society; the Follies gave them a vision of simple, pre-longitudinal, rural life; the Surfers donated zestful hedonism, and a respectful link with nature; the Psychedelics brought mind-expansion, and said that LSI could be used as a escapism from the dreariness of modern life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hippies: A Rebellion against the Vietnam War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Grew up against a backdrop of compulsory military service-?at least in the LLC. S. , where the movement had its roots. Culture and Festivals They believed in open use of marijuana, which could also be linked to their ideal of â€Å"back to nature†. Other things that went with this are, letting their hair grow, not bathing, some of them even walked around naked. *use of patchouli oil they dressed In natural fabrics like cotton and linen. *1967 â€Å"summer of love† Woodstock Festival – the 1 969 Woodstock Free Festival of Music and Arts Is the biggest, one-of-Its-kind festival of all times, with a crowd of about half a million people. There’s a movie and two albums trying to recreate the mood of Jim Hendrix, Janis Joplin, The Who, and others performing in the same event. By the end, this festival turned out to be bigger than the music – it became a symbol for everything connected with hippies, the flower children, and the â€Å"love generation. † Also, most hippies developed on the craft of tie-dying. Fashion and Influences Although it was a political and moral movement rejecting Western materialism and the money-grabbing â€Å"rat-race†, the hippies set the tone for most of the fashion In the late ass. They went with the attitude of â€Å"anything goes† , mixing up elements of ethnic and psychedelic Influences. Male dressing was becoming more and more feminine with loose, flounce, printed pants, neck scarves, and beaded belts. They wore Tolling roe Ana long loose anal – changeling society’s Ideas AT masculinity muff can’t tell the boys from the girls† was the outraged response to this dressing style. Jim Hendrix was one of the main fashion icons of this culture in the ass, with his exotic, colorful shirts, waistcoats, and wide-brimmed hats. He also wore lots of jewelry, which inspired a lot of designers to start a men’s Jewelry collection, which were to be worn over loose shirts and wide-bottomed velvet trousers. In complete contrast to the â€Å"space age† look with geometric patterns and clean lines, the Hippies decorated everything, including painting their body. The past views of psychedelic, ethnic, and romantic all came together, and the hippie-woman would not wear a teasing mint-skirt, but a full-length flow skirt, with love beads and bells. Everyone started to grow their hair long. By 1969, even the well-groomed model Twiggy wanted her hair to her waist. Even the Paris designers got into this new mood with great enthusiasm. The hippies’ cheap flamboyant clothes were transformed into expensive designer wear, as the ready-to-wear collections of 1967 was filled with Oriental touches, striped decal bas, harem dresses, tent dresses, rajah coats and Nehru Jacket, in fine wools and silk. Most designers began to follow the hippie ideal of â€Å"doing your own thing†, and Vogue reported that â€Å"the length of your skirt is how you feel this moment. The last collection of the ass were filled with micro skirts, maxis, and the compromised midis. Anti-fashion had triumphed in a round-about and trickle-up way, became the biggest fashion, and nothing would be quite the same ever again! Conclusion The original hippies living in San Francisco would have never imagined that their crazy way of dressing would have become a high-fashion trend by the end of the decade. Theirs was an anti-style that rejected the Western work ethic, along with the conformist clothing it encouraged. The Hippies had shocked and intrigued with their communal lifestyle, belief in free love, and experiments with drugs. Some thought they were â€Å"strange beings† in sandals and kaftans, handing out flowers as symbols of love and peace. Others talked of â€Å"alternative society’ and their establishment of self-supporting rural communities of like-minded people. How to cite The Hippies: A Rebellion against the Vietnam War, Papers

Women, Gender ; Freedom Movement Essay Example

Women, Gender ; Freedom Movement Essay Many struggles took place and are still taken place in the society. Most of the struggles have been caused by the oppression coming from one quarter of the society. In whichever the struggle, women have always been affected, either directly or indirectly. Slavery and racism were some of the struggles heavily fought. On the other hand, women have had their own struggles to fight for the rights they feel have been affecting them as a gender group. One such important struggle is to have the rights to vote. After abolishing inhumane activities like slavery, there was a male political culture that constantly favored the men but affected the women.In the past generations, there have been many legal, social and political changes that have taken place, which goes without being noticed by the current generation. It even becomes sometimes difficult especially for the younger generations to accept that whatever being told actually took place, but have come to accept the facts and taken life wit h stride.There are many changes in the religion, education, employment and the general social life that were brought about by the women movements, which were not spontaneous. It was the women’s deliberate brave actions that led to the changes to take place.   In many cases, women have never been passive recipient in changes that took place in the society. Women applied many different tactics in bringing change in the society, and most of the tactics have been completely non violent. Good enough, these tactics have always been a success.It is evident that the women’s rights movements bore good fruits by the look of how many women hold high profile jobs in the government and even private institutions. This has been further shown by the political will which saw Senator Hillary Clinton ran for the Democratic presidential nomination. Women had a lot of difficulties to make entrance in the political arena in the past.Women Suffrage and Rights MovementAmerican gained indepe ndent from the colonial powers many years, but the women still did not enjoy the freedom for quite a long period. In the fight for the independent of the US, the women had played significant roles which were as well dangerous. However, the government did not give these women active roles to play in the society. These among other concerns led to the beginning of the women to struggle in what they believed was their rights.After America declared its independence from Britain, the constitution gave the white males who could read and write the powers to vote. After slavery was abolished, the constitution was changed to allow the black males to vote. At all this time, women were not allowed to vote. Women were not even economically independent. All a woman had belonged to the husband the moment they got married.   This implied that women were not full citizens of the US during that time. The women suffrage movement was started in the mid 19th century as a way of fighting for the womenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s voting rights. Led by Susan Anthony among other leaders, the women believed in having economic as well as personal independence. In essence the women believed that for there to be social development in the society, women had to be empowered, and be treated in the same manner as men, with the privileges men enjoyed, e.g. voting (Dinkin, 1995).Susan Anthony was encouraged to take up women empowerment from her church (Quakers), which believed in women rights. With these believes, Susan spoke against injustices on women and the blacks. Political power controls many aspects of life, and it is without political empowerment that Susan realized women cannot be free citizens. Therefore, Susan campaigned for the women’s to have the right to vote. Initially, because women were never used to doing things for themselves, they could not even see the importance of being told that they needed to have the rights to vote. Since women did not own anything for themselves, the struggle s eemed to be very difficult to undertake. It was difficult to make any meaningful changes to the women unless they were independent (Aks, 2004).Susan later met Elizabeth C. Stanton who also strongly supported for the women’s rights. The two collaborated and they saw the fruits of their struggle come to fruition in 1860 when New York passed the laws that allowed for the married women to own property, and have a say on their salaries. This success in New York started to spread into other areas.After the end of the civil war, Miss Anthony expanded her struggle to help the blacks have more rights by enabling them to vote. This was achieved in 1868 when the black men were allowed to vote, but not the women. This did not go down well with Miss Anthony who wanted to see the women’s voting rights included in the fourteenth amendment. After failing to secure this, Miss Anthony led a group of women to vote in the presidential elections of 1872 knowing that they did not have the r ights to do so(DuBois, 1998). This led to her being arrested and charged for violating the voting rules. After being found guilty of the offence, Miss Anthony refused to pay the hundred thousands dollar fine she had been asked to pay. Instead she went ahead to fight for the constitutional amendment that required women to have voting rights. Miss Anthony continued with this struggle until her old age when she died in 1906, knowing that at last her struggle would one day see the daylight even though she might not have lived to see it. This was achieved in 1919 when the US congress amended the law to allow women to vote. This become an effective law in 1920, and named the Anthony amendment in honor of her struggle (DuBois, 1998).Although many of the women’s movement have been known to be non violent, the early movements took some radical forms. Before Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton came into play, there had been other feminist movements led by Kate Mullaney and Augusta Lewis. Abo litionist movements, which were radical, were led by women like Fanny Wright and Grimke sisters. At this time, women were more of slaves as they did not have any saying upon their lives the moment they got married.The first Women Movements that took place in the US were tied to anti slavery campaigns. Due to the participation in the abolitionist Movements, it is when the women realized that they were themselves the slaves while all along they thought to be free people. The first Women’ Rights Convention started in 1848 after Mrs. Stanton and her colleague were denied a chance to participate in the convention that took place in 1840, which was fighting against slavery (Sanders, 2007). It is rather amazing to realize that a lot of information concerning the women’s rights to vote has been given more powers and acknowledgement than the feminists and the abolitionist movements. This has exposed the hypocritical structure of the male power in the United States. Since the Un ited States got its independence, it emerged that democracy was to prevail. However, this was never the case to be. Only a few white men enjoyed the freedom while letting the whole bunch of women and the blacks to struggle in the society considered to be democratic. Therefore, the Women’s Rights Movement and the abolitionist movements were almost tearing the country apart working together or separately. This was evident during the civil war (Dinkin, 1995).Looking at how long it took for the American women to get the rights to vote, it shows how the male domination was opposed to the women empowerment. It took a lot of effort and dedication to change the â€Å"male† in the constitution so that the women could get the fundamental rights of voting which is usually the key to many other rights. Different many campaigns had to be carried out to convince the legislatures to accept for women suffrage.After the abolition of slavery, it became a constitutional concern on how to handle the freed slaves.   The women leaders took the advantage of the confusion that raged at the constitutional office to push for their own rights to be encroached in the constitution. The consideration of the rights to vote as a natural right was enhanced during the reconstruction period. This belief strengthened the women’s belief in suffrage rights. If voting is a natural right for everybody, it turns out that the women were not asking for anything special or anything that is far much beyond what they needed to get. It even made the female leaders to be more agitated for the rights when they realized that when they demanded their rights, it was regarded as women and Negroes matters and not the white males in the society. It did not imply that the women or the Negroes demanded for any special favor that the male whites did not have. The women were opposed to human beings being segregated in terms of sex or race. This kind of segregation showed barbaric behaviors by th e white males (Robnett, 1999).Therefore, as the Republican Party went ahead to discus the constitution in regards to the freed salves, the women leaders insisted on the constitution being discussed on the basis on universal suffrage and not any special basis. The important point during the reconstruction era was that black women were given more attention than had previously done. Introducing the black woman in the political dialogue was an opportunity that was grabbed by the women leaders to champion for the rights of the women. Championing for the rights of the black woman seemed a better leeway for the women leaders to use than using the white woman. Whether to undertake reconstruction basing on black suffrage or universal suffrage caused division within the Republican Party. Those who were opposed to slavery abolition were never willing to admit that they erred in the status of slavery as far as natural rights were concerned. This similarly applied to reconstruction-era politicia ns who could not take in the political strength the women claimed (Robnett, 1999).There are many forces that can be attributed to the reasons why men were so much opposed to women suffrage. One major reason that could be attributed to this is capitalism. The Women Rights Movements were from the start pro the labor reforms which the industrial states especially in the North vehemently opposed. The women offered cheap labor supply in these states, hence letting them have their voting rights implied a threat to these states.The second reason the women suffrage was fought much came from the South, when linking the issues to racism. The Women Rights Movements were mostly linked with the black struggle. Therefore, to keep their interests, the states that enjoyed and supported slavery and slave trade were against suffrage (Wilkerson-Freeman, 2002).The government policies seemed to protect the interests of a few greedy and selfish politicians who wanted to maintain their own interests, as t hey knew that it might not be possible to have their way if the women were allowed to vote. The politicians knew that if at all they allowed women to vote, then they would demand for the change of for instance child labor laws and other laws that only favored the powerful men.The church and the family also played a major role in making it difficult for women to get their rights. Many churches taught of a woman being submissive and her role reduced to only that of procreation. If this was changed, the male feared for their dominance and supremacy being washed away and feeling that this could lead to sexual double standard. It was felt that by giving the women the rights they demanded would mean doing away with the traditional family structure, and in the end threaten the male dominance.The major obstacle in recognizing for the women’s rights was entrenched into the law. The male used all means in their powers to see that the suffrage did not go through. Even after along strugg le to have the constitutional change which came after many years in the 1918, many men used several tactics to delay the system being fully operational which saw it coming into full operation in 1920. However, the opposers never gave up that easily because the constitution had been changed. They used other tactics to derail and undermine the efforts and the other major aims that suffrage had (DuBois, 1998).It seems that with the struggle for gaining the rights to vote, everything else that pertained to the women’s rights movements had been swallowed. The original organizers who had visions on where they wanted to take the movement died leaving other generations to take over without knowing exactly what to do nor how to act. Therefore, by the time the suffrage movement was being disbanded, the women’s movements were long no more. This means those who were opposed to the women’s movements were again having their way.ConclusionThe women fought endlessly to get the rights the current women are enjoying in the American society. However, it can not be said that the women have attained a full political independence. Many women are still voting or governing as wives. The women voters seem to be manipulated in the voting pattern by the male dominance. However, the bright side is that many women work and keep their wages instead of it being referred to as the property of the man. The women can make their own arrangement of their wages as well as being able to make any other decisions that affect their lives.Reference:Aks J. H (2004): Womens Rights in Native North America: Legal Mobilization in the US and Canada, LFB Scholarly Publishing,Dinkin R J. (1995): Before Equal Suffrage: Women in Partisan Politics from Colonial Times to 1920, Greenwood Press,DuBois E. C (1998): Woman Suffrage and Womens Rights; ISBN 0814719015, NYU Press.Robnett B (1999): How Long? How Long? African American Women and the Struggle for Civil Rights; New York, Oxford Universit y Press,Sanders V (2007): African American Women and the Struggle for Racial Equality: Viv Sanders Corrects the Male Bias in the Study of the Civil Rights Movement in the USA, Journal of History Review,Wilkerson-Freeman S (2002): The Second Battle for Woman Suffrage: Alabama White Women, the Poll Tax, and V. O. Keys Master Narrative of Southern Politics, Journal of Southern History, Vol. 68,;